quinta-feira, 12 de agosto de 2010
ANCESTRIES OF THE MAN IN THE POSTAL STAMPS - BIOLOGY - SCIENTISTS
SCIENTISTS ON POSTAL STAMPS
Founder of Biology
Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus
(1776-1837)
German naturalist
THE FATHER OF BIOLOGY
THE FATHER OF BIOLOGY
The term “biology” is coined by that German naturalist
He was a proponent of the theory of the transmutation of species, a theory of evolution held by some biologists prior to the work of Charles Darwin. He put forward this belief in the first volume of his "Biologie"; oder die Philosophie der lebenden Natur, published in 1802, the same year similar opinions were expressed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
Introduced the word biology, from the Greek bios, life, and logos, study, on his book "Biologie oder Philosophie de Lebended Natur (1802-1822)".
Treviranus was born in Bremen and studied medicine at Göttingen, where he took his doctor's degree in 1796. In 1797 he was appointed professor of medicine and mathematics at the Bremen lyceum.
Jacques Boucher de Perthes
(1788-1868)
Founder of Prehistoria
FRANCE
1988
Abbeville - 5.10.1988
Jacques Boucher de Perthes has been a great researcher, and founder of archaeology, i.e., like said then, " the history of the man through the history of the earth and its revolutions ".
Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet,
the Knight of Lamarck
(1744-1829)
FRANCE
1979
Albert - 27.5.1979
Another important name in the history of biology is of the Frenchman the Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, the knight of Lamarck. Considered in 1809, the hypothesis of that the beings livings creature have the capacity to move and to evolve in elapsing of the time.
REP. GUINEA
REP. CONGO
Issued in 2009
Carl Edward Sagan
(1934-1996)
PALAW
Carl Edward Sagan (1934-1996)
Astronomer, astrophysicist, author and director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell University, died of pneumonia on December 20, 1996 at the age of 62.
Carl Sagan had a significant role in the American space program since his inception. He was a consultant and adviser to NASA since the 1950s worked with the Apollo astronauts before his trips to the moon, and led the Mariner and Viking projects, pioneered the exploration of the solar system that have enabled important information about Venus and Mars.
He also participated in missions of Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. Was decisive in explaining the greenhouse effect on Venus and the discovery of high temperature on the planet, in explaining the seasonal changes of the atmosphere of Mars and the discovery of organic molecules on Titan, moon of Saturn.
He was also one of the greatest popularizers of science of all time by presenting the series Cosmos in 1980.
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz
(1807-1873)
SWISS
1959
Mi. 678
Swiss-American biologist (1807-1873)
Swiss-American biologist (1807-1873)
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (1807-1873), a Swiss-American naturalist, was an outstanding comparative anatomist. He promulgated the glacial theory and opposed Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
Paleontology was just beginning to emerge as a science during Agassiz's time; speculations about the distribution of species and their relationships to each other were becoming a major preoccupation of naturalists, and science was taking on an increasingly important place in the curricula of educational institutions. Agassiz played an important role in all these developments, both in Europe and in America.
COMOROS
2008
Generally considered the foremost naturalist of 19th-century America, Agassiz was born in Motier-en-Vuly, Switzerland. He was educated at the universities of Zurich, Heidelberg, and Munich, where he studied under the embryologist Ignaz Döllinger.
At the instigation of Georges Cuvier, he cataloged and described the fishes brought back from Brazil by C. F. P. von Martius and J. B. von Spix (Fishes of Brazil, 1929), following this with his History of the Freshwater Fishes of Central Europe (1839-42) and an extensive pioneering work on fossil fishes, which eventually ran to five volumes:"Recherches sur les poissons fossiles" (1833–43). (Researches on Fossil Fishes).
These works, completed while Agassiz was professor of natural history at Neuchâtel (1832–46), established his reputation as the greatest ichthyologist of his day. Agassiz's best-known discovery, however, was that of the Ice Ages. Extensive field studies in the Swiss Alps, and later in America and Britain, led him to postulate glacier movements and the former advance and retreat of ice sheets; his findings were published in Etudes sur les glaciers (1840 - Studieson Glaciers).
A successful series of lectures given at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1846 led to his permanent settlement in America. In 1847 he was appointed professor ofzoology and geology at Harvard, where he also established the Museum of Comparative Zoology (1859).
Agassiz's subsequent teachings introduced a departure from established practice in emphasizing the importance of first-hand investigation of natural phenomena, thus helping to transform academic study in America.
His embryological studies led to a recognition of the similarity between the developing stages of living animals and complete but more primitive species in the fossil record.
Agassiz did not, however, share Darwin's view of a gradual evolution of species, but, like Cuvier, considered that there had been repeated separate creations and extinctions of species – thus explaining changes and the appearance of new forms.
Unfortunately, one of Agassiz's most influential pronouncements was that there were several species, as distinct from races, of man: an argument used by slavers to justify their subjugation of the negroes as an inferior species. His ambitiousContributions to the Natural History of the United States (4 vols. 1857–62) remained uncompleted at his death.
Gregor Antipa (1867-1944)
ROMANIA
1959
Scott: 1939/1944
Michel: 2607/2612
Yvert: 2317/2322
1992
1998
CENTENARY OF GRIGORE ANTIPA NATIONAL NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
Grigore Antipa was a Romanian Darwinist biologist who studied the fauna of the Danube Delta and the Black Sea.
Antipa was a specialist in zoology, ichthyology, ecology and oceanography, and was a university professor.
COVER STATIONERY:
ROMANIA
Jules Amédée Barbey
The Aurevilly (1808-1889)
poet and anthropology
FRANCE
1974
Mi nº. 1896
(16.11.1974)
(16.11.1974)
Fossil theory
He was a proponent of the theory of the transmutation of species, a theory of evolution held by the developing stages of living animals and complete but more primitive species in the fossil record.
Joachim BARRANDE (1799-1883)
CZECH REPUBLIC
1999
FDC - 23. 6. 1999
The publication in 1839 of Murchison's Silurian System incited Barrande to carry on systematic researches on the equivalent strata in Bohemia.
For ten years (1840—1850) he made a detailed study of these rocks, engaging workmen specially to collect fossils, and in this way he obtained upwards of 3500 species of graptolites, brachiopoda, mollusca, trilobites and fishes.
The first volume of his great work, Système silurien du centre de la Bohême (dealing with trilobites, several genera, including Deiphon, which he personally described), appeared in 1852; and from that date until 1881, he issued twenty-one in four volumes, of text and plates. Two other volumes were issued after his death in 1887 and 1894.
It is estimated that he spent nearly £10,000 on these works. In addition he published a large number of separate papers. In recognition of his important researches the Geological Society of London in 1857 awarded to him the Wollaston medal.
He was a fervent advocate of the theory of the catastrophes (as taught by Georges Cuvier), thus opposing Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. He also wrote a five-volume book on the defense of his theory of so-called "colonies", presuming that the cause of the presence of fossils typical for one layer surrounded by those typical for another is atectonical. He tended to name those colonies with names of his scientific adversaries.
Barrande died at Frohsdorf on October 5, 1883.
Georg Bauer [Agricola, Geirgius
(1494-1555)
GERMANY
DDR
1955
1955
CZECH REPUBLIC
2009
Mi.Nr. 32
Georg Bauer, better known by the Latin version of his name Georgius Agricola, is considered the founder of geology as a discipline.
His work paved the way for further systematic study of the Earth and of its rocks, minerals, and fossils.
He made fundamental contributions to mining geology and metallurgy, mineralogy, structural geology, and paleontology.
Henri Édouard Prosper Breuil (1877-1961)
FRANCE
1977
Mi. nº. 2050
Father of Prehistory
Henri Édouard Prosper Breuil (1877-1961), often referred to as Abbé Breuil, was a French archaeologist, anthropologist, ethnologist and geologist. He is noted for his studies of cave art in the Somme and Dordogne valleys as well as in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Ireland, China with Teilhard de Chardin, Ethiopia, Somaliland and especially Southern Africa.
Robert Broom (1866-1951)
SOUTH AFRICA
1991
Dr. Robert Broom and an Australopithecus africanus
2009
Mi nº. 1962
FDC - (7.01.2009)
His interest in archaeology developed after the discovery of the infantaustralopithecine, Taung child, by Professor Raymond Dart, Taung North West Province. In 1934, Broom joined the staff of the Transvaal museum in Pretoria. In 1936, he discovered the skull of an Austrolophitecine, which he initially classified as plesianthropus meaning almost human
In 1937, he discovered his most famous find, the Australopithecus robustus.
As a result, together with Raymond Dart, he was able to support the claim that early human evolution developed in Africa. he continued to make other fossil discoveries including a homo erectus.
Broom died in 1951 shortly after completing his monograph about Australopithecine.
Jacques Boucher de Crèvecoeur de Perthes
(1788 - 1868)
FRANCE
1988
ABBEVILLE 8-10-1988
De Perth's contribution to archaeology is expressed in his devotion to the theories espoused by Darwin about antediluvian humans.
Archaeology was enjoyed by De Perth's only as a hobby. His focus and primary enthusiasm was always for his position as a customs official.
However, in what spare time he made for himself, he developed his archaeological skills at the gravel pits in the Somme Valley.
It was in these pits that he discovered numerous archaeological tools and arrived at some remarkable conclusions.
Archaeology was enjoyed by De Perth's only as a hobby. His focus and primary enthusiasm was always for his position as a customs official.
However, in what spare time he made for himself, he developed his archaeological skills at the gravel pits in the Somme Valley.
It was in these pits that he discovered numerous archaeological tools and arrived at some remarkable conclusions.
The Proposition of Primitive Man
He discovered complete hand axes, flint objects, and many fragments of items that De Perthes claimed were also tools shaped by human endeavor.
Georges Louis Lecrec
Comte de Buffon (1707-1788)
FRANCE
1949
Mi. nº. 874
1959
Yv. nº. 278/291
CAMEROON
1962
Yv. nº. 343
1980
Yv. nº. 662/663
FRANCE
1988
Buffon's "Histoire naturelle" (200th anniv. death)
Yv. nº. 2123/2126
Yv. nº. 2123/2126
CHADE
2009
Mi. nº. 2468/2468A
REP. GUINEA
2009
Mi. nr. 6570
He realized both the necessity of transformism and its difficulties.
Although his cosmogony was inadequate and his theory of animal reproduction was weak, and although he did not understand the problem of classification, he did establish the intellectual framework within which most naturalists up to Darwin worked.
Buffon is considered the founder of evolutionary theory. ’George Buffon set forth his general views on species classification in the first volume of his"Histoire Naturelle".
Although his cosmogony was inadequate and his theory of animal reproduction was weak, and although he did not understand the problem of classification, he did establish the intellectual framework within which most naturalists up to Darwin worked.
Buffon is considered the founder of evolutionary theory. ’George Buffon set forth his general views on species classification in the first volume of his"Histoire Naturelle".
Buffon objected to the so-called "artificial" classifications of Andrea Cesalpino and Carolus Linnaeus, stating that in nature the chain of life has small gradations from one type to another and that the discontinuous categories are all artificially constructed by mankind.
Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric
Baron Cuvier
(1769-1832)
FRANCE
1969
Yv. nº. 1590/1595
REP. GUINEA
1969
REP. GUINEA
2008
Mi. nr. 5525/5530
COMOROS
2009
Mi. nr. 2642
MALI
2010
MOROCCO
1972
Mi. nº. 714
Yv. nº. 647
SEYCHELLES
1983
Dryolimnas cuvieri
BELIZE
1985
Regulus cuvieri
French comparative anatomist, the founder of the functional anatomy
He repeatedly emphasized that his extensive experience with fossil material indicated that one fossil form does not, as a rule, gradually change into a succeeding, distinct fossil form. It is because of this fact and his understanding of animal anatomy and physiology, that Cuvier strongly objected to any notion of evolution.
Cuvier was critical of the evolutionary theories proposed by his contemporaries, Lamarck and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, which involved the gradual transmutation of one form into another.
He repeatedly emphasized that his extensive experience with fossil material indicated that one fossil form does not, as a rule, gradually change into a succeeding, distinct fossil form. Instead, he said, the typical form makes an abrupt appearance in the fossil record, and persists unchanged to the time of its extinction.
In particular, he nowhere refers to the Bible in scientific argument. In fact, his claims concerning past history often conflicted with Scripture.
A creationist would say that the various life forms existing today are not only constant in form over time, but also that they have been constant since "the Beginning." Cuvier consistently argued the contrary (i.e., that new types regularly replace older types in the fossil record).
Cuvier explained the abrupt appearance of new fossil forms in terms of immigration, not creation: "I only say that they did not originally inhabit the places where we find them at present, and that they must have come from some other part of the globe".
Moreover, since he consistently promoted the idea that there has been a temporal succession of forms in the geological record, he could not have believed the various life forms that exist today were specially created "in the Beginning."
STATIONERY COVER
ROMANIA
24.02.2003
Joseph von Czersky (1845-1892)
POLAND
2002
Issue date: 22.nd of February.2002
Scott: 3621
Stanley Gibbons: 3974
Polish geologist and paleontologist
Researcher of Siberia, geologist, paleontologist; was on the origin of Litvin, was born on May 3, 1845 in the prosperous nobiliary family, in the ancestral estate Svolna.
At the end 1871, Chersky obtained permission to be moved into Irkutsk and almost from the day of arrival he began to work with the Eastern Siberian division of emperor Russian in the geographical society.
Here in face of two comrades from the misfortune, Dybovskogo and Chekanovskogo, the outstanding naturalists, found to himself a new support.
In Irkutsk, the life of the real toiler of science, and, in spite of scant material situation and to a deficiency in scientific equipments, he, because of his diligence, energy, conquered to himself honorable name of one of the best osteologists.
Its literary activity begins with the passage into Irkutsk; by this time relates a number of its articles of the zoological, paleontological and geological content, material for which it drew in the begun at the same time scientific excursions.
He began geological activity with the study of the environments of Omsk city, produced in 1871 ; in summer 1873 g. it already worked in East Siberia, accomplishing difficult journey through the Tunkinskim and Chinese Alps; the assembled collections burnt during the fire of mountains.
In 1875, passed from Irkutsk through the so-called Moscow circuit to Biryusy (*) river, with a route study of way, then returned, and upstream Uhde to lower-fishes to the caves, where, with the support to the Academy of Sciences, he produced the excavations, which gave very interesting material on the tertiary fauna of mammals.
In 1877. Chersky began one of the most important works - study coast strip of Baikal lake, which continued five years.
At the end 1871, Chersky obtained permission to be moved into Irkutsk and almost from the day of arrival he began to work with the Eastern Siberian division of emperor Russian in the geographical society.
Here in face of two comrades from the misfortune, Dybovskogo and Chekanovskogo, the outstanding naturalists, found to himself a new support.
In Irkutsk, the life of the real toiler of science, and, in spite of scant material situation and to a deficiency in scientific equipments, he, because of his diligence, energy, conquered to himself honorable name of one of the best osteologists.
Its literary activity begins with the passage into Irkutsk; by this time relates a number of its articles of the zoological, paleontological and geological content, material for which it drew in the begun at the same time scientific excursions.
He began geological activity with the study of the environments of Omsk city, produced in 1871 ; in summer 1873 g. it already worked in East Siberia, accomplishing difficult journey through the Tunkinskim and Chinese Alps; the assembled collections burnt during the fire of mountains.
In 1875, passed from Irkutsk through the so-called Moscow circuit to Biryusy (*) river, with a route study of way, then returned, and upstream Uhde to lower-fishes to the caves, where, with the support to the Academy of Sciences, he produced the excavations, which gave very interesting material on the tertiary fauna of mammals.
In 1877. Chersky began one of the most important works - study coast strip of Baikal lake, which continued five years.
The results of the studies, which saving the modest means of division, conducted, floating on his own boat, and rowing himself, they were placed in the yearly very detailed preliminary reports and in the first part of the complete report, which composes of XII Toms.
(*) Birds of Central Siberia
GeorgeJohann Karl Fuhlrott (1803-1877)
GERMANY
DDR
1984
Finsterwald 1 - 07.06.1984
2006
Wuppertal 10.08.2006
German science professor
He is famous for the discovery of the Neanderthal, a Neanderthal specimen found during an archaeology dig in August 1856.
Elberfeld, given Neanderthal remains by workers; presented paper on fossilized man at the Natural History Society of Rheinland and Westphalia in 1859.
Studying mathematics and natural sciences at the University of Bonn, Fuhlrott became a teacher at the Gymnasium in Elberfeld. In 1856, workers in a limequarry in the nearby canyon called Gesteins or Neanderthal (Neanderthal southwest of Mettmann) showed him bones they had found in a cave and thought to belong to a bear.
Fuhlrott identified them as human and thought them to be very old.
Today, Fuhlrott and Schaaffhausen are considered to be the founders of paleoanthropology, and the genus they discovered is referred to as Homo neanderthalensis in honor of the site where it was first identified.
Zygmund Gloger (1845-1910)
POLAND
2006
Mi nº. 4231
FDC - (20.02.2006)
1985
Tykocin (3.Nov.1985)
Polish historian, archeologist, geographer and ethnographer
Founder of Towarzystwo Krajoznawcze (precursor of modern PTTK (*), in his will he gave his impressive collection to that organization, as well as to Towarzystwo Ethnograficzne, Towarzystwo Bibliotek Publicznych w Warszawie and Museum of Industry and Agriculture.
(*) Polish Tourist and Sightseeing Society
Aleš HRDLIKA (1869–1943)
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
1969
MI. 1882
FDC - 17.JUN.1969
American anthropologist
American anthropologist
Hrdlička is widely recognized as an early pioneer in the development of American physical anthropology.
His work can be traced to much of the current academic activity in physical anthropology at the Smithsonian and elsewhere.
In 1881 Aleš Hrdlička (1869-1943) immigrated with his family to the United States from Humpolec, Bohemia (resently located in the southern part of the Czech Republic)
After received his medical degree in New York, in 1892, his interests gradual shiften from the biological basis of abnormal behavior to normal human variation and evolution.
In 1903, he joined the staff of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington (D.C.) and conducted research in physical anthropology there until his retirement in 1942, and death in 1943.
Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895)
GERMANY (DDR)
Biologist, Zoolog, Paleontolog, Filozof and Fiziolog
English biologist, physiologist, anatomist, anthropologist, agnostic, educator, and ...
Darwin's bulldog.
Darwin's bulldog.
Huxley was a big defender of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. He received the nickname "Darwin’s bulldog." After reading Darwin’s Origin of Species, Huxley reaction was: "How stupid of me not to have thought of that."
was a self-educated intellectual giant of the 19th century, a pioneering genius whose influence was felt throughout the science, education, and politics of Victorian England. His brilliant career ranged from surgeon's apprentice to England's Privy Council, service on 10 royal commissions, and president of the Royal Society from 1881 to 1885. His many awards included the Royal, Copley, and Darwin medals.
A man of astonishing energy and prodigious talent, Huxley had a sharp wit and a brilliant, questioning mind (traits no doubt passed on to his grandsons, including novelist Aldous Huxley [Brave New World, etc.]).
He invented the term “agnostic” to describe his own religious view, and the term’s widespread, immediate acceptance freed intellectual discourse from the “belief”-versus-“disbelief” straightjacket, in and out of theistic contexts.
And yet while he was never one to sacrifice principle for propriety, he vigorously defended his ideas but always treated his opponents with respect and sometimes-astonishing courtesy.
Always a popularizer of science, he at once subscribed to Charles Darwin’s theories and proved to be their most indefatigable advocate.
The role earned him the title “Darwin's bulldog,” and he is best remembered today for his prominent role in defending evolution against attacks from scientists, theists, and philosophers — somewhat ironic, for Huxley's biological writings show less explicit support for natural selection than for evolution it self.
Hugo De Vries (1848-1935)
Dutch botanist and geneticist
Who introduced the experimental study of organic evolution. His rediscovery in 1900 (simultaneously with the botanists Carl Correns and Erich Tschermak von Seysenegg) of Gregor Mendel’s principles of heredity and his theory of biological mutation, though considerably different from a modern understanding of the phenomenon, resolved ambiguous concepts concerning the nature of variation of species that, until then, had precluded the universal acceptance and active investigation of Charles Darwin’s system of organic evolution.
During the 1880s, de Vries became interested in heredity. In 1889 he published Intracellular Pangenesis, in which he critically reviewed previous research on inheritance and advanced the theory that elements in the nucleus, ‘pangenes’, determine hereditary traits.
Erich Tschermak-Seysenegg (1871-1962)
AUSTRIA
1971
Was an Austrian botanist
Re-discovered the so-called "Mendel's laws" in 1900. Mendel's work remained forgotten since its publication in 1865. The same concluded Karl Correns and Hugo de Vries in 1900, who recognized the previous experiments by Mendel.
This issue cellebrate his centenary birth. Austria, 1971.
FDC - 15.NOV.1971
Yves Coppens (1934- )
COMOROS
2009
In France, his name is attached to the 1974 discovery of a fossil nicknamed Lucy
ETHIOPIA
1986
Mi. nr. 1239
As he was with American Donald Johanson and Maurice Taieb the French one of three co-directors of the team that has developed days.
PALAU
2000
November 30, 1974 in Hadar, a relatively complete fossil of Australopithecus afarensis is discovered as part of the International Afar Research Expedition, a project bringing together thirty researchers Ethiopian, American and French co-directed by Donald Johanson (paleoanthropology) Maurice Taieb (geology) and Yves Coppens (paleontology).
The first fragment of the fossil was spotted by Tom Gray, a student of Donald Johanson.
The fossil is nicknamed "Lucy" in reference to “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” (LSD),the Beatles song played by the team.
In 1965, he discovered a hominid skull in Yaho (Angamma, Chad) when he calls Tchadanthropus uxori in honor of the country where it was found and whereas it is an individual female. In an age estimated at one million years, this fossil is now close to Homo erectus.
THE TCHADANTHROPUS UXORI
FORGERY
THE FRAUD OF THE CHADE HOMINIDAE
Not a prehistoric skull
30 Fr., Tchadanthropus uxoris (=Homo erectus) skull.
Issue date: 20-th of September, 1966.
Michel nº. 162
Scott: 133
Stanley Gibbons: 162
Yvert and Tellier nº. 131
The first 'early hominid' from Chad, Tchadanthropus uxoris,
found in 1961, turned out to be the face of a modern human skull that had
been so eroded by wind-blown sand that it mimicked the appearance
of an australopith, a primitive type of hominid.
The second Chad hominid, Australopithecus bahrelghazali,
discovered at a site called Koro Toro in 1995,
is an authentic australopith and alerted palaeontologists to the potential
of central West Africa.
THE HOAX OF THE CHADE
The Miss Yves Coppens finds in 1965, in Yayo, the north of the Chad, not in situ,
a face of an «hominiidae» extremely rolled,
with widened to occult the nasal orifices.
Yves Coppens described them as a new Australopithecus under the
assignment of " Tchadanthropus ".
This vestige, excessively fragmentary, does not present the australopitheciidae characters and seems a recent form of retouched man,that as suggests the fauna
and the flora formation who involved it, and he dating of C14 .
COMOROS
2009
"Decouvertes Celebres"
Label - Albert Einstein (1879-1955) - He is known for developing the theory of relativity. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for the correct explanation of the photoelectric effect, however, the prize was announced only in 1922. His theoretical work made possible the development of atomic energy, although it does not provide for that possibility.
Ian Wilmut (1944- ) - Scottish embryologist who in 1996, was the first to clone a mammal, a sheep named Dolly;
Label - Gerhard Arnauer Henrik Hansen. (1841 - 1912) - Norwegian physician, known for identification of Mycobacterium leprae as the causative agent of leprosy in 1873.
Alberto Cobos (1871-1908) - Spanish Paleontologist. He works in Fundación Conjunto Paleontológico de Teruel-Dinópolis, in Teruel, Spain.
Label - Fred (Lawrence) Whipple (1906- ) - North american Astronomer, an expert on the Solar System, he is known especially for his work on comets. In 1950 he suggested that they are composed of ice and dust, and that many aspects of their behaviour could be interpreted on this basis; later work, and especially the study of Halley's comet in 1986 by space probes, has confirmed this ‘dirty snowball’ model.
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858 - 1947) - a German physicist. Considered the founder of quantum theory. Winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1918.
Label - Geoffrey Marcy (1954–) An astronomer at the University of California, Berkeley, and lead investigator with the California-Carnegie Planet Search.
2nd Label of Max Plank
Francis Crick (1916-2004)
[Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) - no included, but she work hard, but she's a woman in the men kingdom.] - the real researcher.
Maurice Wilkins (1916-2004) - James Watson and Francis Crick solved the structure of DNA. Other scientists, like Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, also contributed to this discovery.
Label - Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) - French chemist and microbiologist.
The French archaeologist - The French archeologist was a pioneer in the field of prehistoric archaeology. He is especially known for his analysis of prehistoric cave paintings.
Henri Édouard Prosper Breuil (1877-1961) - The French archaeologist, was a pioneer in the field of prehistoric archeology. He is especially known for his analysis of prehistoric cave paintings.
- Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)
English naturalist, evolutionist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, biologist and social critic
St. THOMAS AND PRINCIPE
2009
UNITED KINGDOM
2010
Boyle, Newton, Franklin, Jenner, Babbage, Lister, Rutherford, Hodgkin and Shackleton.
PRESTIGE BOOKLET
THE ROYAL SOCIETY
Gibbons SG DX49
He is best known for independently proposing a theory of evolution due to natural selection that prompted Charles Darwin to publish his own theory.
Wallace did extensive fieldwork, first in the Amazon River basin and then
in the Malay Archipelago, where he identified the Wallace Line
that divides the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts,
one in which
animals closely related to those of Australia are common,
and one in which the species are largely of Asian origin.
in the Malay Archipelago, where he identified the Wallace Line
that divides the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts,
one in which
animals closely related to those of Australia are common,
and one in which the species are largely of Asian origin.
He was considered the 19th century's leading expert on the
geographical distribution of animal species and is sometimes
called the "
father of biogeography".
geographical distribution of animal species and is sometimes
called the "
father of biogeography".
Wallace was one of the leading evolutionary thinkers
of the 19th century
and made a number of other contributions to the development
of evolutionary theory besides being co-discoverer
of natural selection.
of the 19th century
and made a number of other contributions to the development
of evolutionary theory besides being co-discoverer
of natural selection.
These included the concept of warning colouration in animals,
and the Wallace effect, a hypothesis on how natural
selection could contribute to speciation by encouraging
the development
of barriers against hybridization.
and the Wallace effect, a hypothesis on how natural
selection could contribute to speciation by encouraging
the development
of barriers against hybridization.
Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodkin (1910-1994)
UNITED KINGDOM2010
British chemist, credited with the development
of protein crystallography.
of protein crystallography.
1996
Stanley Gibbons nº. 1260
Yvert and Tellier nº. 1905
She advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography, a method used to determine the three dimensional structures of biomolecules.
REP. MALI
2009
Among her most influential discoveries are the confirmation
of the structure of penicillin
that Ernst Boris Chain had previously surmised, and then
the structure of vitamin B12, for which she was awarded
the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
In 1969, after 35 years of work and five years after winning
the Nobel Prize, Hodgkin was able to decipher
the structure of insulin.
X-ray crystallography became a widely used tool and was critical
in later determining
in later determining
the structures of many biological molecules such as DNA
where knowledge of structure is critical
to an understanding of function.
She is regarded as one of the pioneer scientists in the field
of X-ray crystallography studies of biomolecules.
of X-ray crystallography studies of biomolecules.
See also: ANCESTRIES OF THE MAN IN THE POSTAL STAMPS
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